Jumat, 17 Juni 2016

Strategi Pembangunan Sektor Industri

5.     Industrial Sector Development Strategy

The era of economic globalization accompanied by rapid development of technology, have very tight competition and rapid changes in the business environment. Products of manufacturing in the country is now so out of the factory directly compete with foreign products, businesses also have to accept the fact that the rapid development of technology has resulted in rapid obsolescence of production facilities, the short shelf-life products, as well as with shrinking profit margins. In carrying out the process of industrial development, the situation is a reality that must be faced and should be the determining consideration in any policy to be issued, as well as a new paradigm that must be faced by any country in implementing the industrialization process of the country.
On the basis of these ideas in Indonesia's industrial development policy should be able to answer the challenges of globalization of the world economy and able to anticipate the development of rapid environmental change. International competition is a new perspective for all countries, so that the focus of industrial development strategy for the future is to develop the competitiveness of the industrial sector which is sustainable in the domestic market.
To answer and anticipate problems, issues, and challenges, the Ministry of Industry has prepared a National Industrial Development Policy has been agreed by the related parties, where the approach to industrial development is done through the cluster concept in the context of building a sustainable industrial competitiveness. In accordance with the criteria set forth competitiveness for the medium term (2005-2009) has been a core industry cluster development including the development of related industries and supporting industries.
The development strategy of the industrial sector, is divided into two, namely: basic strategy and operational strategy.

a. Strategic Rationale

1. Strengthening linkages At all levels of the value chain (value chain) of the industry including the activities of supporting industries (supporting industries), industries related (related industries), industrial infrastructure providers, and other supporting services industry. These linkages are developed in an effort to establish industry networks (networking) and improve competitiveness that encourages innovation;
2. Increase the value Throughout the value chain by building core competencies;
3. Increasing the productivity, efficiency and types of resources used in the industry, and focuses on the use of renewable resources (green product);
4. Development of Small and Medium Industries through (a) backup scheme of operations and technical guidance and management as well as the provision of special facilities in order to grow expansively and reliably competitive field. (B) encouraging SMEs to large industrial synergies through a partnership (alliance), and (c) building a business environment that support SMEs.

 b. Operational strategy

1. Business Environment Development comfortable and conducive
          a)      In cooperation with relevant agencies to develop infrastructure and physical facilities in areas of potential industrial prospects are grown, such as roads, bridges, ports, power grids, fuel, transport, warehousing, telecommunications, clean water.
          b)      Encourage the development of human resources industry, particularly in the areas of Production Engineering and Business Management.
          c)       Encouraging the development of business infrastructure services and facilities businesses supporting the industry, among other things Industrial Zone, Service R & D, Service Quality Testing, Engineering Services / design of the building and construction, Services Technical Inspection, Auditing, Consulting Services Industry, Service Maintenance & Repair, Security Service / Security services / Sewerage, calibration services, and so forth.
         d)      Develop effective incentive system policy, educative, selective, and attractive. 
         e)      Improving the legal instrument for setting conducive industrial life, which meet the following criteria:
               1) More guaranteeing business / legal certainty, including consistent law enforcement
               2) The rules around trying to clear and not difficult
               3) Reduce the smallest possible government intervention in the market
               4) Respect freedom of venture industry
               5) Clarity of rights and obligations of the industry
               6) Ensuring and no disruption of public interest, including the interruption of safety, health, cultural                     values ​​and environmental sustainability.
         f)       Sync policies related sectors, such as policies on investment and trade.
         g)      Apparatus Pembina clean, professional, and pro-business in developing and providing services facilitative to businesses, through administrative provisions that simple / easy, can prevent fraud and manipulation that cost the state and society, the impact load that does not burden the industry ( administrative compliance cost is minimal).

 REFERENSI
PRASTIKA R PUTRI (25215373)

Studi Kasus dan Analisa

Sritex Reports 10% Growth in Profits in 2015

Jakarta. Sri Rejeki Isman, a leading Indonesian textile manufacturer better known as Sritex, booked more than 10 percent of profit growth last year on the back of higher sales, the company said in its financial report.
The listed garment manufacturer's net income rose 10.33 percent to $55.66 million in 2015, from $50.45 million a year earlier.
Sritex' sales grew 12.15 percent to $621.99 million last year while its net costs rose 13.04 percent to $488.58 million in the period.
Sritex was among other textile giants who saved money amid massive layoffs in 2015 due to weakening demand at home and abroad while costs were rising on the back of a declining rupiah.
The ratings company Standard & Poor's has said in a note that more favorable operating conditions this year — including moves to strengthen the rupiah against the US dollar — have yet to help stabilize credit quality for Sritex. The note cited "eroding liquidity, given high working capital and persisting capital spending" are the company's primary rationale for the negative outlook.
Standard & Poor's Ratings Services in November affirmed its BB- long-term corporate credit rating for Sritex

 Analysis:

Sri rejeki isman or Sritex  is a leading Indonesian textile manufacture. The company get the profit of net income 10.33 percent to $55.66 million in 2015, from $50.45 million a year earlier. And Sritex' sales grew 12.15 percent to $621.99 million last year while its net costs rose 13.04 percent to $488.58 million in the period. Sritex saved money amid massive layoffs in 2015 due to weakening demand at home and abroad while costs were rising on the back of a declining rupiah.But The ratings company Standard & Poor's has said what is being done can’t help stabilize credit quality for Sritex. 





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Permasalahan Industrialisasi

4.     Problems Industrialization

Industrialization in developing countries are generally done in an effort to replace imported goods, by trying to make their own commodities beginning always imported. The first strategy is done is the implementation of tariff barriers against imports of certain products. Next followed by building domestic industries to produce goods at the import. In addition, they are also given incentives such as tax breaks, as well as a variety of facilities and other investment stimuli.
For a new small industry grow, especially in developing countries. A new industry built yet have sufficient capacity to compete head-on with an established industry of the countries that are already developed. Industry developed countries has been on the business in a long time and have been able to improve efficiency in production processes. They have enough information and knowledge about the optimization of the production process, the situation and characteristics of the market, as well as labor market conditions so that they are able to sell a valuable product cost in the international market but still able to produce an adequate profit.

The national economy has various problems in relation to the industrial and commercial sector:
1. The national industry has been more emphasis on large-scale industry and high-tech industries. This strategy resulted in the development of industries based on imports. These industries are often hit by the depreciation of the rupiah sharply,
2. The spread unevenly because the industry is still concentrated in Java. Industry is only concentrated in one region is certainly not in line with the geographical condition of Indonesia which calls itself as an archipelago.
3. Weak export activities Indonesia who depend on import content of raw materials is high, also the high level of bank lending rates in Indonesia, apalgi Indonesia has not fully accepted in the international market
4. The composition of Indonesian export commodities in general is not a commodity that is highly competitive, but because it is related to the availability of natural resources - such as fishery products, coffee, rubber, and wood. the availability of cheap labor - such as textiles, footwear and electronic goods
5. The primary commodity exports that are a mainstay of Indonesia generally in the form of raw materials so that the added value obtained is very small. For example, Indonesia exported in the form of sawn timber, which is then imported again in the form of furniture because of limited mastery of design and technology.
6. Still relatively low quality of human resources. It is highly influenced by the formal education system and the implementation of training cebderung pattern still common and less oriented to the development needs of the business. In addition, the low quality of human resources as a result of the pattern of employment in the past are still concerned with the amount of human labor is absorbed. rather than the quality of human labor.

Indonesia industrial system does not have the capability of accountability and independent adjustment. Therefore very weak in anticipation of change and unable to undertake precautionary measures to deal with the change occurs. The changing demands of the market and the competition among industry globally not just include changes in the pattern, nature, quality, and price of the commodity being traded, but also other demands arising from the development of the idealism of the world community to human rights, environmental protection, trade liberalization, etc. Motion Indonesian economy is highly dependent on foreign capital flows into or out of Indonesia and the amount of foreign exchange reserves accumulated through trade and foreign debt.
Policies that have been pursued in a sustainable manner was observed not able to bring Indonesia's economy become more self-sufficient, even becoming dependent on:
            · Dependence on export earnings,
            · Dependence on foreign loans,
            · Reliance on foreign investment,
            · Dependence on imported technology from industrialized countries.

REFERENSI
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Perkembangan Sektor Industri Manufaktur Indonesia

3.     Manufacturing Sector Development Indonesia

The development of the industrial sector in Indonesia in recent years is good enough. There are several factors that are used for projecting the growth of industrial sector in Indonesia, including the economic crisis in Europe and the entry of imported products into the domestic market. Meskpun current Indonesian manufacturing industry is experiencing bad luck, but this condition is predicted to boom in 2016. This prediction is based on a survey of several countries in Asia, an area of ​​expansion of the investors from Hong Kong. Indonesia is believed to still be the main destination for investors to develop their business.
Through out the last 10 years, Indonesia's economic growth reached its highest point in 2011, namely by 6.2%. In 2012 the growth of industrial sector in Indonesia is projected to rise about 6.4 percent from the year 2011. At that time, the manufacturing industry is able to grow 6.7%. Economic and industrial growth declined subsequently, each only reached 5% and 5.5% in 2014.
On average, in the 10 years of economic growth in Indonesia was only 5.7% and 5% growth in the industry. Low average industrial growth compared to economic growth has reduced the role of the manufacturing sector to gross domestic product (GDP), which lived 22% in 2014 from 29% in 2009. Exports of manufactured products in the same period was also decreased. The decline in the role of the industrial sector can not be separated from the weakening factors supporting industrial competitiveness. And, most worrisome is the efficiency factor of the labor market, especially with regard to labor regulations. Factors employment at 5 position 43 years ago, has now become 110 or the bottom compared to other Asean countries. For this, the most affected are labor-intensive industries such as textiles and footwear. Indonesia weak competitiveness in the manufacturing industry can not be separated from the low mastery of technology. All of the factors described above to be a burden for the development of Indonesia's manufacturing industry.

REFERENSI
http://himiespa.feb.ugm.ac.id/peran-foreign-direct-investment-bagi-industri-manufaktur-indonesia/

ANITA SARASWATI (20215850)
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Faktor-faktor Pendorong Industrialisasi

2.     Factors - Drivers factor Industrialization

1.     The conditions and the initial structure of the domestic economy
A State which at the beginning of economic development or industrialization own industries of primary or upstream such as iron and steel, cement, petrochemical, and industries of the middle (between the upstream and downstream), such as the capital goods industry (machine) and the means of production relatively kuatakan undergoing a process of industrialization which is faster than countries that have only downstream industries or light.
2.     The size of the domestic market as determined by a combination of the number of population and per capita rate of PN Rill.
Large domestic market, such as Indonesia, with a population of over 200 million people is one of the factors stimulating the growth-kegaiatan economic activities, including industry, because the market is huge ensure economies of scale and efficiency in the production process (assuming that factor- other determining factors support). If the small domestic market, the export is an alternative to the "it to achieve optimal production.
3.     The existence of SDA
There is a tendency that countries rich in natural resources, the level of economic diversification and the growth rate is relatively lower, and that State or terlembat tend not industrialize or process goes relatively slower than poor countries SDA.
4.     Policy Government Strategies
The pattern of industrialization in the State to implement the policy of import substitution and foreign trade policy that is protective (such as Indonesia, especially during the New Order government until the crisis occurs) is different in countries that implement export promotion policies in favor of his industry.

REFERENSI:
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Konsep dan Tujuan Industrialisasi

1.     Concept and Objectives Industrialization

In the history of economic development, the concept of industrialization originated from the first industrial revolution in the mid 18th century in England, which is marked by the discovery of a new method for the request, and the discovery of new methods for spinning and weaving cotton that creates specialized in the production, as well as increased productivity of factors production used. Afterwards, innovation and new discoveries in the processing of iron and the steam engine, which encourages innovation in manufacturing, among others, steel, railways and steam ships. after that then followed the second industrial revolution in the late 18th century and early 19th century with various teknonologi development and innovation. After World War II, began to appear new technologies such as mass production system by using assembling lines, electricity, motor vehicles, the discovery of a variety of synthetic goods, and the technological revolution of telecommunications, electronics, bio, computer, and use of robots. All these developments change the pattern of industrial production, increase the volume of world trade, and accelerated the process of industrialization in the world. (Pangestu and Aswicahyono, 1996)
Economic history of the world shows that industrialization is a process of interaction between technology development, innovation, specialization of production and trade between countries, which in turn is in line with rising incomes push strukttur economic changes in many countries, from which was based on agriculture to one based on industry. It can be said that especially the combination of the two boosters from the aggregate supply side (production) the progress of technology and the innovation of products and production processes, and increase the income of people turn up the volume and composition of consumption aggregate demand side, the primary force behind accumulation process of industrialization in the world.
National industrial development goals both medium and long term is intended to overcome the problems and weaknesses in both the industrial sector and to address national issues, namely:
1. Improving the employment industry.
2. Improve Indonesia's exports and empower the domestic market.
3. Contribute significantly to the growth of the economy.
4. Support the development of the infrastructure sector.
5. Improving technological capabilities.
6. Increase the deepening of industrial structure and product diversification.
7. Improve the industrial deployment.

REFERENSI:
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Kamis, 16 Juni 2016

INDUSTRIALISASI INDONESIA

1.     Concept and Objectives Industrialization

In the history of economic development, the concept of industrialization originated from the first industrial revolution in the mid 18th century in England, which is marked by the discovery of a new method for the request, and the discovery of new methods for spinning and weaving cotton that creates specialized in the production, as well as increased productivity of factors production used. Afterwards, innovation and new discoveries in the processing of iron and the steam engine, which encourages innovation in manufacturing, among others, steel, railways and steam ships. after that then followed the second industrial revolution in the late 18th century and early 19th century with various teknonologi development and innovation. After World War II, began to appear new technologies such as mass production system by using assembling lines, electricity, motor vehicles, the discovery of a variety of synthetic goods, and the technological revolution of telecommunications, electronics, bio, computer, and use of robots. All these developments change the pattern of industrial production, increase the volume of world trade, and accelerated the process of industrialization in the world. (Pangestu and Aswicahyono, 1996)
Economic history of the world shows that industrialization is a process of interaction between technology development, innovation, specialization of production and trade between countries, which in turn is in line with rising incomes push strukttur economic changes in many countries, from which was based on agriculture to one based on industry. It can be said that especially the combination of the two boosters from the aggregate supply side (production) the progress of technology and the innovation of products and production processes, and increase the income of people turn up the volume and composition of consumption aggregate demand side, the primary force behind accumulation process of industrialization in the world.
National industrial development goals both medium and long term is intended to overcome the problems and weaknesses in both the industrial sector and to address national issues, namely:
1. Improving the employment industry.
2. Improve Indonesia's exports and empower the domestic market.
3. Contribute significantly to the growth of the economy.
4. Support the development of the infrastructure sector.
5. Improving technological capabilities.
6. Increase the deepening of industrial structure and product diversification.
7. Improve the industrial deployment.
REFERENSI:

2.     Factors - Drivers factor Industrialization

1.     The conditions and the initial structure of the domestic economy
A State which at the beginning of economic development or industrialization own industries of primary or upstream such as iron and steel, cement, petrochemical, and industries of the middle (between the upstream and downstream), such as the capital goods industry (machine) and the means of production relatively kuatakan undergoing a process of industrialization which is faster than countries that have only downstream industries or light.
2.     The size of the domestic market as determined by a combination of the number of population and per capita rate of PN Rill.
Large domestic market, such as Indonesia, with a population of over 200 million people is one of the factors stimulating the growth-kegaiatan economic activities, including industry, because the market is huge ensure economies of scale and efficiency in the production process (assuming that factor- other determining factors support). If the small domestic market, the export is an alternative to the "it to achieve optimal production.
3.     The existence of SDA
There is a tendency that countries rich in natural resources, the level of economic diversification and the growth rate is relatively lower, and that State or terlembat tend not industrialize or process goes relatively slower than poor countries SDA.
4.     Policy Government Strategies
The pattern of industrialization in the State to implement the policy of import substitution and foreign trade policy that is protective (such as Indonesia, especially during the New Order government until the crisis occurs) is different in countries that implement export promotion policies in favor of his industry.
REFERENSI:

3.     Manufacturing Sector Development Indonesia

The development of the industrial sector in Indonesia in recent years is good enough. There are several factors that are used for projecting the growth of industrial sector in Indonesia, including the economic crisis in Europe and the entry of imported products into the domestic market. Meskpun current Indonesian manufacturing industry is experiencing bad luck, but this condition is predicted to boom in 2016. This prediction is based on a survey of several countries in Asia, an area of ​​expansion of the investors from Hong Kong. Indonesia is believed to still be the main destination for investors to develop their business.
Through out the last 10 years, Indonesia's economic growth reached its highest point in 2011, namely by 6.2%. In 2012 the growth of industrial sector in Indonesia is projected to rise about 6.4 percent from the year 2011. At that time, the manufacturing industry is able to grow 6.7%. Economic and industrial growth declined subsequently, each only reached 5% and 5.5% in 2014.
On average, in the 10 years of economic growth in Indonesia was only 5.7% and 5% growth in the industry. Low average industrial growth compared to economic growth has reduced the role of the manufacturing sector to gross domestic product (GDP), which lived 22% in 2014 from 29% in 2009. Exports of manufactured products in the same period was also decreased. The decline in the role of the industrial sector can not be separated from the weakening factors supporting industrial competitiveness. And, most worrisome is the efficiency factor of the labor market, especially with regard to labor regulations. Factors employment at 5 position 43 years ago, has now become 110 or the bottom compared to other Asean countries. For this, the most affected are labor-intensive industries such as textiles and footwear. Indonesia weak competitiveness in the manufacturing industry can not be separated from the low mastery of technology. All of the factors described above to be a burden for the development of Indonesia's manufacturing industry.

REFERENSI

4.     Problems Industrialization

Industrialization in developing countries are generally done in an effort to replace imported goods, by trying to make their own commodities beginning always imported. The first strategy is done is the implementation of tariff barriers against imports of certain products. Next followed by building domestic industries to produce goods at the import. In addition, they are also given incentives such as tax breaks, as well as a variety of facilities and other investment stimuli.
For a new small industry grow, especially in developing countries. A new industry built yet have sufficient capacity to compete head-on with an established industry of the countries that are already developed. Industry developed countries has been on the business in a long time and have been able to improve efficiency in production processes. They have enough information and knowledge about the optimization of the production process, the situation and characteristics of the market, as well as labor market conditions so that they are able to sell a valuable product cost in the international market but still able to produce an adequate profit.

The national economy has various problems in relation to the industrial and commercial sector:
1. The national industry has been more emphasis on large-scale industry and high-tech industries. This strategy resulted in the development of industries based on imports. These industries are often hit by the depreciation of the rupiah sharply,
2. The spread unevenly because the industry is still concentrated in Java. Industry is only concentrated in one region is certainly not in line with the geographical condition of Indonesia which calls itself as an archipelago.
3. Weak export activities Indonesia who depend on import content of raw materials is high, also the high level of bank lending rates in Indonesia, apalgi Indonesia has not fully accepted in the international market
4. The composition of Indonesian export commodities in general is not a commodity that is highly competitive, but because it is related to the availability of natural resources - such as fishery products, coffee, rubber, and wood. the availability of cheap labor - such as textiles, footwear and electronic goods
5. The primary commodity exports that are a mainstay of Indonesia generally in the form of raw materials so that the added value obtained is very small. For example, Indonesia exported in the form of sawn timber, which is then imported again in the form of furniture because of limited mastery of design and technology.
6. Still relatively low quality of human resources. It is highly influenced by the formal education system and the implementation of training cebderung pattern still common and less oriented to the development needs of the business. In addition, the low quality of human resources as a result of the pattern of employment in the past are still concerned with the amount of human labor is absorbed. rather than the quality of human labor.

Indonesia industrial system does not have the capability of accountability and independent adjustment. Therefore very weak in anticipation of change and unable to undertake precautionary measures to deal with the change occurs. The changing demands of the market and the competition among industry globally not just include changes in the pattern, nature, quality, and price of the commodity being traded, but also other demands arising from the development of the idealism of the world community to human rights, environmental protection, trade liberalization, etc. Motion Indonesian economy is highly dependent on foreign capital flows into or out of Indonesia and the amount of foreign exchange reserves accumulated through trade and foreign debt.
Policies that have been pursued in a sustainable manner was observed not able to bring Indonesia's economy become more self-sufficient, even becoming dependent on:
            · Dependence on export earnings,
            · Dependence on foreign loans,
            · Reliance on foreign investment,
            · Dependence on imported technology from industrialized countries.

REFERENSI

5.     Industrial Sector Development Strategy

The era of economic globalization accompanied by rapid development of technology, have very tight competition and rapid changes in the business environment. Products of manufacturing in the country is now so out of the factory directly compete with foreign products, businesses also have to accept the fact that the rapid development of technology has resulted in rapid obsolescence of production facilities, the short shelf-life products, as well as with shrinking profit margins. In carrying out the process of industrial development, the situation is a reality that must be faced and should be the determining consideration in any policy to be issued, as well as a new paradigm that must be faced by any country in implementing the industrialization process of the country.
On the basis of these ideas in Indonesia's industrial development policy should be able to answer the challenges of globalization of the world economy and able to anticipate the development of rapid environmental change. International competition is a new perspective for all countries, so that the focus of industrial development strategy for the future is to develop the competitiveness of the industrial sector which is sustainable in the domestic market.
To answer and anticipate problems, issues, and challenges, the Ministry of Industry has prepared a National Industrial Development Policy has been agreed by the related parties, where the approach to industrial development is done through the cluster concept in the context of building a sustainable industrial competitiveness. In accordance with the criteria set forth competitiveness for the medium term (2005-2009) has been a core industry cluster development including the development of related industries and supporting industries.
The development strategy of the industrial sector, is divided into two, namely: basic strategy and operational strategy.

a. Strategic Rationale

1. Strengthening linkages At all levels of the value chain (value chain) of the industry including the activities of supporting industries (supporting industries), industries related (related industries), industrial infrastructure providers, and other supporting services industry. These linkages are developed in an effort to establish industry networks (networking) and improve competitiveness that encourages innovation;
2. Increase the value Throughout the value chain by building core competencies;
3. Increasing the productivity, efficiency and types of resources used in the industry, and focuses on the use of renewable resources (green product);
4. Development of Small and Medium Industries through (a) backup scheme of operations and technical guidance and management as well as the provision of special facilities in order to grow expansively and reliably competitive field. (B) encouraging SMEs to large industrial synergies through a partnership (alliance), and (c) building a business environment that support SMEs.

 b. Operational strategy

1. Business Environment Development comfortable and conducive
          a)      In cooperation with relevant agencies to develop infrastructure and physical facilities in areas of potential industrial prospects are grown, such as roads, bridges, ports, power grids, fuel, transport, warehousing, telecommunications, clean water.
          b)      Encourage the development of human resources industry, particularly in the areas of Production Engineering and Business Management.
          c)       Encouraging the development of business infrastructure services and facilities businesses supporting the industry, among other things Industrial Zone, Service R & D, Service Quality Testing, Engineering Services / design of the building and construction, Services Technical Inspection, Auditing, Consulting Services Industry, Service Maintenance & Repair, Security Service / Security services / Sewerage, calibration services, and so forth.
         d)      Develop effective incentive system policy, educative, selective, and attractive. 
         e)      Improving the legal instrument for setting conducive industrial life, which meet the following criteria:
               1) More guaranteeing business / legal certainty, including consistent law enforcement
               2) The rules around trying to clear and not difficult
               3) Reduce the smallest possible government intervention in the market
               4) Respect freedom of venture industry
               5) Clarity of rights and obligations of the industry
               6) Ensuring and no disruption of public interest, including the interruption of safety, health, cultural                     values ​​and environmental sustainability.
         f)       Sync policies related sectors, such as policies on investment and trade.
         g)      Apparatus Pembina clean, professional, and pro-business in developing and providing services facilitative to businesses, through administrative provisions that simple / easy, can prevent fraud and manipulation that cost the state and society, the impact load that does not burden the industry ( administrative compliance cost is minimal).

 REFERENSI



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Senin, 18 April 2016

PDB, Pertumbuhan Dan Perubahan Struktur Ekonomi

NPM: 20215850

           25215373
           22215686
           22215211
Minggu ke-5  

1.     Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB)
Adalah jumlah produk berupa barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan oleh unit - unit produksi dalam wilayah suatu Negara (domestik) yang berlangsung selama satu tahun. Pada perhitungan PDB ini, termasuk juga hasil produksi barang dan jasa yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan/orang asing yang berproduksi di Negara yang bersangkutan. Barang-barang yang dihasilkan termasuk barang modal yang belum di perhitungkan penyusutannya bersifat beruto/kotor. Perhitungan PDB dilakukan dengan cara berikut ini :
·         PDB dihitung berdasarkan unit-unit produksi yang melingkupi sektor-sektor ekonomi
·         PDB dihitung berdasarkan jumlah balas jasa yang diterima oleh faktor-faktor produksi yang turut serta dalam proses produksi
·         PDB dihitung berdasarkan jumlah seluruh komponen permintaan akhir, yang terdiri atas pengeluaran konsumsi rumah tangga, pembentukan modal tetap domestik bruto dan perubahan stok, serta pengeluaran konsumsi pemerintah dan ekspor bersih.
Analisa Mekanisme (kinerja) Ekonomi Nasional berdasar PDB melalui 3 pendekatan, yaitu:
                        1     Pendekatan Produksi
Pendekatan produksi diperoleh dengan cara menjumlahkan nilai produksi pada unit-unit produksi atau menjumlahkan secara keseluruhan nilai tambah (value added).
Besarnya nilai produksi (angka-angka PDB) diperoleh dari nilai tambah dari berbagai jenis barang dan jasa sesuai dengan ISIC (International Standard Industrial Classification ). Besarnya value added tiap sektor, yi : VAs = OPs - IPs
Sedangkan nilai PDB-nya diperoleh dengan : PDB = VAsp + VAss + Vast.

                        2     Pendekatan Pengeluaran/Pembelanjaan
Perhitungan dilakukan dengan cara menjumlahkan permintaan akhir dari unit/komponen2 ekonomi, yaitu:
Konsumsi Rumah Tangga (RT)=C
Rumus => Y = C + I + G + (X-M)
Keterangan :
Y= Pendapatan Nasional        G= Pengeluaran Pemerintah
C= Konsumsi Rumah Tangga X= Ekspor
I= Investasi                             M= Impor

      a)      Konsumsi Rumah Tangga adalah nilai pengeluaran sekelompok masyarakat yang tinggal bersama pada satu tempat tinggal atas barang dan jasa yang dikonsumsi.
      b)      Pengeluaran Pemerintah adalah besarnya nilai pengeluaran untuk konsumsi dam investasi.
      c)      Investasi adalah pembentukkan modal untuk membeli barang dan jasa yang dapat menaikkan proses produksi.
      d)     Ekspor Bersih diperoleh dari hasil pengurangan nilai ekspor dengan nilai impor selama satu periode tertentu.

                         3     Pendekatan Pendapatan
Diperoleh dengan cara menghitung jumlah balas jasa bruto (blm dipotong pajak) / hasil dari faktor produksi yang digunakan
PDB = sewa + upah + bunga + laba
Di mana sewa adalah pendapatan pemilik faktor produksi tetap seperti tanah, upah untuk tenaga kerja, bunga untuk pemilik modal, dan laba untuk pengusaha.
Secara teori, PDB dengan pendekatan pengeluaran dan pendapatan harus menghasilkan angka yang sama. Namun karena dalam praktek menghitung PDB dengan pendekatan pendapatan sulit dilakukan, maka yang sering digunakan adalah dengan pendekatan pengeluaran.

2.      Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Perubahan Struktur Ekonomi
Dalam GBHN, tujuan pembangunan adalah untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Indikator untuk mengukur kesejahteraan adalah National Income. Awal pembangunan ekonomi suatu Negara dengan prioritas:
a)      Pertumbuhan ekonomi
b)      Distribusi pendapatan
Proses pembangunan ekonomi merubah struktur ekonomi secara mendasar:
·         Sisi permintaan agregat, pendalaman struktur ekonomi didorong oleh peningkatan national income yang berpengaruh terhadap selera masyarakat yang terefleksi dalam pola konsumsinya.
·         Sisi penawaran agregat, faktor pendorong utamanya adalah perubahn teknologi, peningkatan SDM, dan penemuan material baru untuk produksi.

A.           Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan penambahan GDP, sehingga terjadi peningkatan national income. National income dapat merujuk pada GDP, GNP atau NNP (Net national Product)
GNP = GDP + F, dimana F = pendapatan neto atas faktor luar negeri
NNP = GNP – D, dimana D = depresiasi
NP = NNP – Ttl, dimana Ttl = pajak tidak langsung neto.
GDP = NP + Ttl + D – F
NP = GDP + F – D- Ttl
Pendekatan pengukuran GDP:
            a)      Pendekatan sisi penawaran agregat yang mencakup:
Pendekatan produksi. PDB=jumlah nilai output (NO) dari semua sector ekonomi atau lapangan usaha. BPS membagi ekonomi nasional dalam sektor:
a)    Pertanian
b)   Pertambangan dan penggalian
c)    Industri manufaktur
d)   Listrik, gas, dan air bersih
e)    Bangunan
f)    Perdagangan, hotel dan restoran
g)   Pengangkutan dan komunikasi
h)   Keuangan, sewa dan jasa perusahaan

·           Pendekatan pendapatan. PDB=jumlah pendapatan yang diterima FP untuk proses produksi disetiap sector yg mencakup gaji untuk TK, bunga untuk pemilik modal, sewa untuk pemiik tanah, profit untuk pengusaha sebelum dipotong pajak dan mencakup penyusutan.

b)        Pendekatan sisi permintaan agregat yakni pendekatan pengeluaran

PDB=C +  I + G + X – M

Pertumbuhan ekonomi dapat dilihat dari:
a.    Nilai absolute
b.   Nilai relative (persentase)

Pertumbuhan dalam % dihitung:
∆GDPt = [GDPt – GDPt-1]/GDP t-1

Pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan nilai absolute dapat dinyatakan dalam:
                                            i.            Nilai nominal berdasarkan harga berlaku: kenaikan harga turut dihiitung termasuk inflasi
GDPHB(t) = [GDPHK(t) x IHKt]/100
                                          ii.            Nilai rill berdasarkan harga konstan: nilai produk dihitung berdasarkan harga pada tahun dasar
GDPHK(t) = [100/IHKt]XGDPHB(t)
Dimana:
HKt= harga konstan                   t = tahun tertentu
HBt= harga berlaku                    100= IHK tahun dasar
IHKt= Indeks harga konsumen

B.       Perubahan Struktur Ekonomi
Pembangunan ekonomi jangka panjang (PDB/PN) merubah struktur ekonomi dari pertanian menuju industry (sector non primer) terutama industry manufaktur dengan increasing return to scale. Semakin cepat pertumbuhan ekonomi, semakin meningkat pendapatan perkapita, semakin cepat perubahan struktur ekonomi.
Perubahan struktur ekonomi/transformasi structural merupakan serangkaian perubahan yang saling terkait satu dengan lainnya dalam aggregate demand, perdagangan LN, dan aggregate supply untuk mendukung pembangunan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi.

Teori perubahan struktur ekonomi:
      a)      Teori Arthur Lewis (Teori migrasi)
Teori ini membahas pembangunan di pedesaan (perekonomian tradisional dengan pertanian sebagai sector utama) dan perkotaaan (perekonomian modern dengan industry sebagai sector utama).
      b)      Teori Hollis Chenery (Teori transformasi structural/pattern of development)
Penelitian Chenery menunjukkan peningkatan pendapatan perkapita merubah:
·      Pola konsumsi dari makanan dan kebutuhan pokok ke produk manufaktur dan jasa
·      Akumulasi capital secara fisik dan SDM
·      Perkambangan kota dan industry
·      Penurunan laju pertumbuhan penduduk
·      Ukuran keluarga yang kecil
·      Sector ekonomi didominasi oleh sector non primer terutama industry
Kenaikan produksi sector manufaktur merupakan kontribusi 4 faktor:
  Ø  Kenaikan permintaan domestic
  Ø  Peningkatan ekspor
  Ø  Substitusi impor
  Ø  Perubahan teknologi

REFERENSI :
  Ø  Feryanto, Agung dan Prima Setia, Hendro. 2012. Ekonomi untuk Kelas X SMA dan MA. Klaten: PT. Intan Pariwara
  Ø  S, Alam. 2014. Pengantar Ekonomi dan Bisnis Jilid 2 Bidang Keahlian Bisnis dan Manajemen. Jakarta: Erlangga
  Ø  Puspitawati, Endang dan Kesiyarinni, Novita. 2012. Ekonomi Kreatif untuk Kelas XI SMA dan MA Semester Gasal. Klaten: Viva Pakarindo.
  Ø  http://www.iei.or.id/publicationfiles/Sumber2%20Pertumbuhan%20Ekonomi.pdf         
( Anita Saraswati, 20215850)

3.      Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Selama Orde Baru Sampai Sekarang
Sejak kemerdekaan pada tahun 1945, masa orde lama, masa orde baru sampai masa sekarang (masa reformasi) Indonesia telah memperoleh banyak pengalaman politik dan ekonomi. Peralihan dari orde lama dan orde baru telah memberikan iklim politik yang dinamis walaupun akhirnya mengarah ke otoriter namun pada kehidupan ekonomi mengalami perubahan yang lebih baik. Melihat kondisi pertumbuhan Indonesia selama pemerintahan Orde Baru (sebelum krisis ekonomi 1997) dapat dikatakan bahwa Indonesia telah mengalami suatu proses pembangunan ekonomi yang spektakuler, paling tidak pada tingkat makro. Pada tahun 1968 PN per kapita masih sangat rendah, hanya sekitar US$60 Laju pertumbuhan 7%-8% selama 1970-an dan turun ke 3%-4% pada taun 1980-an, hal ini disebabkan oleh faktor eksternal seperti merosotnya harga minyak mentah di pasar internasional menjelang pertengahan 1980-an dan resesi ekonomi dunia pada dekade yang sama. Sejak zaman Orde Baru Indonesia menganut sistem ekonomi terbuka, maka goncangan eksternal terasa dampaknya terhadap pertumbuhan Indonesia. Perekonomian nasional pada saat itu tergantung pada pamasukan dolar AS dari hasil ekspor komoditi primer yaitu minyak dan pertanian. Tahun 1968 PN Per Kapita US$56,7; 1973 US$126,3; 1978 US$260,3; 1983 US$494,0; 1988 US$467,5; 1993 US$833,1; 1997 US$1088,0; 1998 US$640,0 dan 1999 US$580,0.
Ketika soeharto menjabat menjadi presiden RI saat ini kondisi perekonomian di indonesia sangat buruk, tingkat inflasi yang terjadi pada negara kita mencapai 650 % pertahun. Presiden Soeharto saat itu menambahkan langkah yang telah di lakukan sebelumnya oleh Soekarno. dan ternyata Soeharto berhasil menekan inflasi dari 650 % menjadi dibawah 15% dalam waktu kurang dari dua tahum. untuk menekan inflasi yang begitu tinngi, soeharto  melakukan hal yang jauh berbeda dengan presiden sebelumnya , beliau membuat anggaran, menerbitkan sektor perbankan, mengembalikan sektor ekonomi dan merangkul negara-negara barat untuk menarik modal.
Di samping itu soeharto pada tahun 1970-an juga menggenjot penambangan minyak dan pertambangan. Sehingga pendapatan negara dari migas meningkat, dari 0,6 % miliar pada tahun 1973 dan sekarang mencapai 10,6% miliar pada tahun 1980. Puncaknya kebijakan tersebut adalah ketiaka penghasilan dari migas sama dengan 80% hasil eksport indonesia. Dengan kebijakan itu, indonesia bisa maju dalam pembangunan di bawah pemerintahan orde baru.

REFERENSI:
  Ø  http://destikafizriani.blogspot.co.id/2015/04/pertumbuhan-ekonomi-selama-orde-baru.html
  Ø  http://putrialfiokta.blogspot.co.id/2015/04/pertumbuhan-ekonomi-selama-orde-baru.html
(Prastika Risqi Putri, 25215373)

4.      Faktor - Faktor Penentu Prospek Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia
Secara garis besar, terdapat sedikitnya 2 (dua) faktor yang menentukan prospek pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Adapun kedua faktor tersebut adalah faktor internal dan eksternal.
1.      Faktor Internal
Krisis ekonomi pada tahun 1998 yang disebabkan oleh buruknya fundamental ekonomi nasional, serta lambatnya proses pemulihan ekonomi nasional pasca peristiwa tersebut menyebabkan banyak investor asing yang enggan (bahkan hingga sampai saat ini) menanamkan modalnya di Indonesia. Kemudian proses pemulihan serta perbaikan ekonomi nasional juga tidak disertai kestabilan politik dan keamanan yang memadai, penyelesaian konflik sosial , serta tidak adanya kepastian hukum. Padahal faktor-faktor non ekonomi inilah yang merupakan aspek penting dalam menentukan tingkat resiko yang terdapat di dalam suatu Negara untuk menjadi dasar keputusan bagi para pelaku usaha atau investor terutama asing, untuk melakukan usaha atau menginvestasikan modalnya di Negara tersebut.
2.      Faktor Eksternal
Kondisi perdagangan dan perekonomian regional serta dunia merupakan factor eksternal yang sangat penting untuk mendukung proses pemulihan ekonomi di Indonesia. Mengapa kondisi perdagangan dan perekonomian regional atau dunia tersebut dinilai penting? Sebab, apabila kondisi perdagangan dan perekonomian Negara-negara tersebut terutama mitra Indonesia sedang melemah, maka akan berdampak pula pada proses pemulihan yang akan semakin mengulur waktu dan akibatnya dapat menghambat kemajuan perekonomian di Indonesia. Selain itu, terdapat juga beberapa faktor yang dianggap penting dalam menunjang pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara, yaitu:
·      Faktor Sumber Daya Manusia
Sama halnya dengan proses pembangunan, pertumbuhan ekonomi juga dipengaruhi oleh SDM. Sumber daya manusia merupakan faktor terpenting dalam proses pembangunan, cepat lambatnya proses pembangunan tergantung kepada sejauh mana sumber daya manusianya selaku subjek pembangunan memiliki kompetensi yang memadai untuk melaksanakan proses pembangunan.
·      Faktor Sumber Daya Alam
Sebagian besar negara berkembang bertumpu kepada sumber daya alam dalam melaksanakan proses pembangunannya. Namun demikian, sumber daya alam saja tidak menjamin keberhasilan proses pembanguan ekonomi, apabila tidak didukung oleh kemampaun sumber daya manusianya dalam mengelola sumber daya alam yang tersedia. Sumber daya alam yang dimaksud dinataranya kesuburan tanah, kekayaan mineral, tambang, kekayaan hasil hutan dan kekayaan laut.
·      Faktor Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi
Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang semakin pesat mendorong adanya
percepatan proses pembangunan, pergantian pola kerja yang semula menggunakan tangan manusia digantikan oleh mesin-mesin canggih berdampak kepada aspek efisiensi, kualitas dan kuantitas serangkaian aktivitas pembangunan ekonomi yang dilakukan dan pada akhirnya berakibat pada percepatan laju pertumbuhan perekonomian.
·      Faktor Budaya
Faktor budaya memberikan dampak tersendiri terhadap pembangunan ekonomi yang
dilakukan, faktor ini dapat berfungsi sebagai pembangkit atau pendorong proses pembangunan tetapi dapat juga menjadi penghambat pembangunan. Budaya yang dapat mendorong pembangunan diantaranya sikap kerja keras dan kerja cerdas, jujur, ulet dan sebagainya. Adapun budaya yang dapat menghambat proses pembangunan diantaranya sikap anarkis, egois, boros, KKN, dan sebagainya.
·      Sumber Daya Modal
Sumber daya modal dibutuhkan manusia untuk mengolah SDA dan meningkatkan kualitas IPTEK. Sumber daya modal berupa barang-barang modal sangat penting bagi perkembangan dan kelancaran pembangunan ekonomi karena barang-barang modal juga dapat meningkatkan produktivitas.
·      Kewirausahaan (Entrepreneurship)
Para pengusaha memiliki perkiraan yang matang bahwa input yang dikombinasikan akan menghasilkan barang dan jasa yang dibutuhkan masyarakat atau menjadi bararang yang akan dibutuhkan masyarakat. Kemampuan mengombinasikan input dapat disebut sebagai kemampuan inovasi. Sejarah mencatat bahwa kemampuatun inovasi tidak selalu dikaitkan dengan teknologi tinggi. Contohnya, produk coca cola, salah satu minuman ringan terlaris di dunia dihasilkan oleh wirausaha Amerika Serikat.
Lalu di samping itu, terdapat pula beberapa faktor yang menentukan terjadinya perubahan
struktur ekonomi di Indonesia, antara lain:
  Ø  Produktivitas tenaga kerja per sektor secara keseluruhan.
  Ø  Adanya modernisasi dalam proses peningkatan nilai tambah dari bahan baku, barang setengah jadi dan barang jadi.
  Ø  Kreativitas dan penerapan teknologi yang disertai kemampuan untuk memperluas
pasar produk/jasa yang dihasilkannya.
  Ø  Kebijakan pemerintah yang mendorong pertumbuhan dan pengembangan sektor dan
komoditi unggulan.
  Ø  Ketersediaan infrastruktur yang menentukan kelancaran aliran distribusi barang dan
jasa serta mendukung proses produksi.
  Ø  Kegairahan masyarakat untuk berwirausaha dan melakukan investasi secara terus-
menerus.
  Ø  Adanya pusat-pusat pertumbuhan baru yang muncul dalam wilayah daerah.
  Ø  Terbukanya perdagangan luar daerah dan luar negeri melalui ekspor-impor.
REFERENSI:
  Ø  http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:f_nTnZdbEgMJ:https://ml.scribd.com/doc/239875700/Faktor-faktor-Penentu-Prospek-Pertumbuhan-Ekonomi-Indonesia+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=id
  Ø  https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=14&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj06s7S9ZTMAhXBPo4KHd9oD-U4ChAWCDQwAw&url=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.binus.ac.id%2Fcontent%2FJ0062%2FJ006215987.ppt&usg=AFQjCNGFYuHqvtWaoUS0V3qESSHlY-9ZDw&sig2=Pmy3gmhpM73oT-60WnGR4g&bvm=bv.119745492,d.c2E
(Fildzah Paramitha, 22215686)

5.      Perubahan Struktur Ekonomi

Semakin cepat pertumbuhan ekonomi, semakin meningkat pendapatan perkapita, semakin cepat perubahan struktur ekonomi. Perubahan struktur ekonomi/transformasi structural merupakan serangkaian perubahan yang saling terkait satu dengan lainnya dalam aggregate demand, perdagangan LN, dan aggregate supply untuk mendukung pembangunan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi.

Teori perubahan struktur ekonomi:
  1. Teori Arthur Lewis (Teori migrasi)
Teori ini membahas proses pembangunan ekonomi yang terjadi di perdesaan dan di perkotaan. Dalam teorinya, mengasumsikan bahwa perekonomian suatu negara pada dasarnya terbagi menjadi 2, yaitu perekonomian tradisional di pedesaan yang didominasi oleh sektor pertanian dan perekonomian modern di perkotaan dengan industri sebagai sektor utama
  1. Teori Hollis Chenery (Teori transformasi structural/pattern of development)
Teori ini memfokuskan pada perubahan struktur ekonomi di LDCs yang mengalami transformasi dari pertanian tradisional ke sector industry sebagai penggerak utama pertumbuhan. Penelitian Chenery menunjukkan peningkatan pendapatan perkapita merubah:
·      pola konsumsi dari makanan dan kebutuhan pokok ke produk manufaktur dan jasa
·      Akumulasi capital secara fisik dan SDM
·      Perkambangan kota dan industry
·      Penurunan laju pertumbuhan penduduk
·      Ukuran keluarga yang kecil
·      Sector ekonomi didominasi oleh sector non primer terutama industry

Chenery menyatakan bahwa proses transformasi structural dapat dipercepat jika pergeseran pola permintaan domestic kearah produk manufaktur dan diperkuat dengan ekspor.
Yi = Di + (Xi-Mi) + Yij

 

 Dimana: Yi      = output bruto industry manufaktur
                        Di        = permintaan domestic untuk konsumsi
                        X-M    = perdagangan neto (ekspor-impor)
                        Yij       = penggunaan produk oleh perusahaan menufaktur sebagai input

Kenaikan produksi sector manufaktur merupakan kontribusi 4 faktor:
  1. Kenaikan permintaan domestic
  2. Peningkatan ekspor
  3. Substitusi impor
  4. Perubahan teknologi
Kelompok LDCs mengalami proses transisi ekonomi yang pesat dengan pola dan proses yang berbeda-beda sebagai akibat dari perbedaan antar negara:
  1. Kondisi dan struktur awal ekonomi DN (memiliki industry dasar atau tidak)
  2. Besar pasar DN (tergantung pada pertumbuhan penduduk)
  3. Pola distribusi pendapatan (merata atau tidak)
  4. Karakteristik industrialisasi (strategi pembangunan industry apakah ada industry yang diunggulkan)
  5. Keberadaan SDA (keberadaan kualitas dan kuantitas SDA)
  6. Kebijakan perdagangan LN (kebijakan tertutup/protektif indystri DN atau terbuka/promosi ekspor).

REFERENSI:
·        kuswanto.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads/files/19597/3.+Pertumbuhan+dan+Perubahan+Struktur+Ekonomidocx.doc
·         Dr. Tulus T.H Tambunan. 2009 . Perekonomian Indonesia. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia
(Endah Darmasari, 22215211)



 

ANALYSIS:
            In 2015 Indonesia missedits target for economic growth because of a global slowdown. In 2015 budget deficit totaled 2,8 percent of gross domestic product,above the 1,9 percent target set in the state budget last year, while revenue was 1,491,5 trillion rupiah,tax revenue was 1,235,8 trillion. President Joko Widodo is seeking to spur growth in Southeast Asia’s largest economy ny increasing infrastructure spending at a time when tax and commodity-export revenues are falling short of projections. The government has introduced seven stimulus packages since September to increase spending and boost inverstment to support the expansion.
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